What condition is characterized by gluten consumption that irreversibly damages the small intestine?

Celiac disease is specifically characterized by an autoimmune response to gluten, which is found in wheat, barley, and rye. When individuals with celiac disease consume gluten, their immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of the small intestine, leading to inflammation and damage. This damage can impair nutrient absorption and cause a range of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms.

The irreversible nature of the damage is significant because it underlines the importance of strictly adhering to a gluten-free diet for those diagnosed with this condition. If gluten consumption continues, it can lead to long-term complications such as malnutrition, osteoporosis, and other serious health issues.

In comparison, while gluten intolerance and wheat allergy involve adverse reactions to gluten or wheat, neither leads to the irreversible intestinal damage seen in celiac disease. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that does not involve an autoimmune response or damage to the intestinal lining, thus distinguishing it further from celiac disease.