What percentage of daily energy expenditure can the thermic effect of food represent?

The thermic effect of food (TEF) refers to the energy expenditure associated with the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients. It represents a portion of daily energy expenditure, typically calculated as a percentage of total caloric intake.

The correct answer indicates that TEF can account for up to 15% of an individual's daily energy expenditure. This percentage varies based on several factors, including the type and amount of food consumed, individual metabolic differences, and overall energy balance.

Research generally shows that TEF is highest for protein-rich foods compared to carbohydrates and fats, which contributes to the variability in how much energy is expended after meals. While the TEF can be influenced by individual dietary habits and macronutrient composition, it consistently remains within the range of approximately 10% to 15% of total daily energy expenditure for most people.

Options that suggest lower percentages underestimate the potential impact of TEF, especially in individuals consuming a diet higher in protein. Higher percentages would be atypical and incongruent with established metabolic rates, as they would imply an excessively high thermic effect that is not supported by current nutritional science.